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EXCELLENCY OF POLAND
Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central
Europe. Poland can also be considered part of Eastern Europe.
Poland is bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic
and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine and Belarus to the east; and the
Baltic Sea, Lithuania and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to
the north. The total area of Poland is 312,679 km² (120,728 sq mi),
making it the 69th largest country in the world and 5th in Europe.
Poland's population is over 38.5 million people, concentrated
mainly in urban areas. The first Polish state was baptized in 966,
within territory similar to the present boundaries of Poland. Poland
became a kingdom in 1025, and in 1569 it cemented a long
association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by uniting to form the
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Commonwealth collapsed in
1795. Poland regained its independence in 1918 after World
War I but lost it again in World War II, occupied by Nazi Germany
and the Soviet Union, emerging several years later as a communist
country within the Eastern Bloc under the control of the Soviet Union.
In 1989, communist rule was overthrown and Poland became what
is informally known as the "Third Polish Republic". Poland is the
33rd most populous country in the world. Poland is a unitary state
made up of sixteen voivodeships. Poland is also a member of the
European Union, NATO and OECD. Poland’s territory extends
across five geographical regions. In the northwest is the Baltic
seacoast, which extends from the Bay of Pomerania to the Gulf of
Gdansk. This coast is marked by several spits, coastal lakes
(former bays that have been cut off from the sea), and dunes. The
largely straight coastline is indented by the Szczecin Lagoon,
the Bay of Puck, and the Vistula Lagoon. The centre and parts of
the north lie within the Northern European Lowlands. Rising gently
above these lowlands is a geographical region comprising the four
hilly districts of moraines and moraine-dammed lakes formed
during and after the Pleistocene ice age. These lake districts are
the Pomeranian Lake District, the Greater Polish Lake District, the
Kashubian Lake District, and the Masurian Lake District. The
Masurian Lake District is the largest of the four and covers much of
northeastern Poland. The lake districts form part of the Baltic Ridge,
a series of moraine belts along the southern shore of the Baltic Sea.
South of the Northern European Lowlands lie the regions of Silesia
and Masovia, which are marked by broad ice-age river valleys.
Farther south lies the Polish mountain region, including the Sudetes,
the Cracow-Częstochowa Upland, the Świętokrzyskie Mountains,
and the Carpathian Mountains, including the Beskids. The highest
part of the Carpathians is the Tatra Mountains, along Poland’s
southern border. The geological structure of Poland has been
shaped by the continental collision of Europe and Africa over the
past 60 million years, on the one hand, and the Quaternary
glaciations of northern Europe, on the other. Both processes
shaped the Sudetes and the Carpathians. The moraine landscape
of northern Poland contains soils made up mostly of sand or loam,
while the ice-age river valleys of the south often contain loess. The
Cracow-Częstochowa Upland, the Pieniny, and the Western Tatras
consist of limestone, while the High Tatras, the Beskids, and the
Karkonosze are made up mainly of granite and basalts. The
Kraków-Częstochowa Upland is one of the oldest mountain ranges
on earth.
Capital (and largest city)
|
Warsaw 52°13′N, 21°02′E
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Official languages
|
Polish²
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Demonym
|
Pole
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Government
President Prime Minister
|
Parliamentary republic
Lech Kaczyński Donald Tusk
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Formation Founded
Declared
Finalised
|
14 April 966
11 November 1918
01 May 2004
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Area Total
Water (%)
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312,679 km² (69th³) 120,728 sq mi 3.07
|
Population 2006 estimate
2002 census
Density
|
38,518,241 (33rd)
38,530,080
122/km² (83rd) 319.9/sq mi
|
GDP (PPP) Total
Per capita
|
2007 estimate $631.8 billion (IMF) (24)
$16,599 (IMF) (52)
|
GDP (nominal) Total
Per capita
|
2007 estimate $631.8 billion (IMF) (24)
$16,599 (IMF) (52)
|
HDI (2004)
|
0.862 Expression error: Unrecognised word "expression"(37th)
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Currency
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Złoty (PLN)
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Time zone Summer (DST)
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CET (UTC+1) CEST (UTC+2)
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Internet TLD
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pl5
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